| Sources: |
Bob Hall and Mary Lee Kerr, 1991-1992
Green Index: A State-by-State Guide to the Nation's Environmental Health (Washington,
D.C.: Island Press, 1991). Reprinted with permission. |
| |
Press releases dated March 19 and
October 11, 1990, from the National Audubon Society, New York. |
| |
Press packet dated January 12,
1990, released by Honorable Henry A. Waxman, Chair, Subcommittee on Health and the
Environment, U.S. House of Representatives. |
| |
The Statehouse Effect: State
Policies to Cool the Greenhouse (New York: Natural Resources Defense Council, 1990). |
| |
Electric Power Annual, 1988
(Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, 1989). |
| |
Working Group on Community
Right-to-Know, Working Notes on Community Right-to-Know (Washington, D.C., 1990). |
| |
Motor Vehicle Manufacturers
Association of the United States, MVMA Motor Vehicle Facts & Figures
(Detroit: MVMA, 1990). |
| |
A Who's Who of American Ozone
Depleters (New York: Natural Resources Defense Council, 1990). |
| |
U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Ozone and Carbon Monoxide Areas
Violating the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (Research Triangle Park, NC:
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1990). |
| [1] |
Air violating ground-level ozone
standard—Percentage of state's population living in counties with air that failed to
meet Clean Air standard for ground-level ozone more than one day a year, on average,
during 1987, 1988, and 1989 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). |
| [2] |
Air violating carbon monoxide
standard—Percentage of state's population living in counties with air that failed to
meet Clean Air standard for carbon monoxide more than one day a year, on average, during
1988 and 1989 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). |
| [3] |
Spending on air pollution control—State
and local funds spent on air quality management, fiscal year 1988. Total dollars in
thousands, per-capita spending, and ranking for per-capita spending (U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency). |
| [4] |
Density of motor vehicle traffic
and pollution—Motor vehicle travel, the single greatest source of air pollutants, is
measured by number of motor vehicles per square mile and by the number of motor vehicle
miles driven per square mile. Motor vehicle miles equal the total miles driven by cars,
trucks, and buses in 1989 (Motor Vehicle Manufacturers Association of the United States). |
| [5] |
Toxic air emissions without
end-of-stack controls—Percentage of point-source air releases that lack
"end-of-pipe" control devices, such as flares or electrostatic precipitators,
based on data from the EPA Toxic Release Inventory (Working Group on Community
Right-to-Know). |
| [6] |
Facilities posing a high risk of
cancer—Number of facilities, ranked per capita, from which one chemical released to
the air poses a cancer risk of greater than 1 in 100,000 for someone living 200 meters
from the factory's "fenceline" for 70 years. The effect of multiple chemical
releases is not considered. Data based on EPA analysis of 1988 releases conducted at
request of Congressman Henry Waxman (U.S. House of Representatives, Subcommittee on Health
and the Environment). |
| [7] |
Ozone-depleting emissions—Pounds
per capita of chlorofluorocarbon-113(CFC-113), methyl chloroform, and carbon tetrachloride
released by industrial facilities. These three chemicals account for 37% of the
ozone-depleting chlorine created by human activity and now found in the stratosphere. They
are the only major ozone-depleting chemicals monitored by the EPA 1987 Toxic Release
Inventory, the database for this indicator (Natural Resources Defense Council, Who's
Who). |
| [8] |
Ozone-depleting factories—Number
of major industrial facilities, ranked per capita, which released one or more of the three
ozone-destroying chemicals monitored by the EPA 1987 Toxic Release Inventory (Natural
Resources Defense Council, Who's Who). |
| [9] |
Acid rain is measured on the pH
scale. The lower the pH reading, the more acidic the rain. Because the pH scale is
logarithmic, rain with a pH of 4.6 is 10 times more acidic than normal rain (pH 5.6).
Numbers are averaged readings taken in Febuary, July, and September 1990 by the Citizens
Acid Rain Network (National Audubon Society). |
| [10] |
Sulfur dioxide emissions from
electric power plants—Pounds per capita of sulfur dioxide released in 1988 by
fossil-fuel steam-electric generating plants (U.S. Department of Energy). |
| [11] |
Nitrogen oxides from electric
power plants—Pounds per capita of nitrogen oxides released in 1988 by fossil-fuel
steam-electric generating plants (U.S. Department of Energy). |
| [12] |
Carbon dioxide emissions from
electric power plants—Pounds per capita of carbon dioxide released in 1988 by
fossil-fuel steam-electric generating plants. Carbon dioxide is a major greenhouse gas,
contributing to global warming (U.S. Department of Energy). |
| [13] |
Carbon dioxide emissions from
fossil-fuel combustion—Millions of tons and pounds per capita of carbon dioxide
released in 1988 from combustion of all fossil fuels, including combustion by utilities,
vehicles, industry, and building heating systems. These emissions account for 78% of
global warming gases (Natural Resources Defense Council, The Statehouse Effect). |
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